Depression

Many people use the word “depression” to describe feeling unhappy or stressed. However, clinical depression refers to a medical condition that affects mood, thinking, and physical functioning.

Also as major depressive disorder, it is more than temporary sadness. It involves persistent changes in brain function that affect how a person feels, thinks, and behaves.

Core Symptoms of Depression

Psychiatrists diagnose depression based on specific symptoms that last at least two weeks and significantly affect daily life.

Common symptoms include:

Low mood

• Persistent sadness, emptiness, or feeling “down”

• Loss of interest or enjoyment in activities previously enjoyed

Changes in thinking

• Difficulty concentrating

• Negative thoughts about oneself or the future

• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness

Changes in physical function

• Low energy or fatigue

• Changes in sleep (sleeping too much or insomnia)

• Changes in appetite or weight

Changes in behaviour

• Reduced motivation

• Withdrawing from social interactions

Depression is often misunderstood because it affects both the mind and the body. Some individuals present mainly with physical symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, or body aches.

What Happens in the Brain?

Research suggests depression is linked to changes in:

• Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

• Stress hormones such as cortisol

• Brain circuits involved in emotion regulation

This is why depression is considered a medical illness, not simply a weakness or lack of resilience.

When Should Someone Seek Help?

If symptoms persist for more than two weeks and begin to interfere with work, relationships, or daily functioning, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Depression is treatable, and early intervention can significantly improve recovery.